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Sub-Saharan Africa Sees "Disheartening" Declines in Freedom

Washington
January 14, 2009


Freedom in Sub-Saharan Africa faltered in 2008 after nearly two decades of gradual gains, according to a new report released by Freedom House this week. Freedom in the World 2009 indicates that Sub-Saharan Africa and the former Soviet Union experienced the most acute deterioration in political rights and civil liberties last year, part of a global trend in which freedom has retreated for three consecutive years.

“Sub-Saharan Africa has seen notable increases in freedom over the past generation, making these recent setbacks all the more disheartening,” said Arch Puddington, Freedom House director of research. “While some new democracies have emerged, a larger number of states are struggling or failing to consolidate freedom. It is particularly disturbing that declines were registered by African countries on every indicator measured by Freedom in the World during the past year, with a notably sharp drop in the region’s civil liberties scores.”
Freedom in the World examines the state of freedom in all 193 countries and 16 strategic territories. The survey analyzes developments that occurred in 2008 and assigns each country a freedom status—either Free, Partly Free or Not Free based on a scoring of performance in key freedoms. Worldwide, 34 countries registered declines in freedom and 14 registered improvements.

Among the 48 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, 10 were rated Free in 2008, while 23 were rated Partly Free and 15 were rated Not Free. Twelve countries and one territory—about one-fourth of the regional total—experienced setbacks. That number was second only to the former Soviet Union, where fully half of its 12 countries suffered declines. (Download the Map of Freedom: Sub-Saharan Africa.)

Senegal was downgraded from Free to Partly Free due to the government’s increasingly authoritarian tendencies and Mauritania declined from Partly Free to Not Free because a military coup ousted a democratically-elected president. Mauritania and the Central African Republic lost their status as electoral democracies. In addition to Senegal and Mauritania, declines were also registered in Burundi, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Namibia, Nigeria, Zimbabwe and Somaliland.

However, there were some positive developments. Gains were noted in Zambia, which improved its judiciary, and in Angola following the country’s first legislative elections since 1992. Political rights also improved in Cote d’Ivoire, which saw the number of eligible voters increase for its upcoming elections, and in Comoros, which restored its constitutional government.

“African democrats should take the initiative to arrest these declines, several of which occurred in the continent’s largest and most influential countries,” said Thomas O. Melia, Freedom House deputy executive director. “More must be done to break with Sub-Saharan Africa’s enduring patterns of poor governance, authoritarian rule and repression.”

Freedom House, an independent nongovernmental organization that supports the expansion of freedom in the world, has been monitoring political rights and civil liberties worldwide since 1972.

Freedom matters.
Freedom House makes a difference.
www.freedomhouse.org

Wikio

Filed under: Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa

REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT TO THE GHANAIAN PARLIAMENT -Transcription – Le discours du président Obama au Ghana



Accra International Conference Center

Accra, Ghana


12:40 P.M. GMT

THE PRESIDENT: (Trumpet plays.) I like this. Thank you. Thank you. I think Congress needs one of those horns. (Laughter.) That sounds pretty good. Sounds like Louis Armstrong back there. (Laughter.)
Good afternoon, everybody. It is a great honor for me to be in Accra and to speak to the representatives of the people of Ghana. (Applause.) I am deeply grateful for the welcome that I’ve received, as are Michelle and Malia and Sasha Obama. Ghana’s history is rich, the ties between our two countries are strong, and I am proud that this is my first visit to sub-Saharan Africa as President of the United States of America. (Applause.)
I want to thank Madam Speaker and all the members of the House of Representatives for hosting us today. I want to thank President Mills for his outstanding leadership. To the former Presidents — Jerry Rawlings, former President Kufuor — Vice President, Chief Justice — thanks to all of you for your extraordinary hospitality and the wonderful institutions that you’ve built here in Ghana.
I’m speaking to you at the end of a long trip. I began in Russia for a summit between two great powers. I traveled to Italy for a meeting of the world’s leading economies. And I’ve come here to Ghana for a simple reason: The 21st century will be shaped by what happens not just in Rome or Moscow or Washington, but by what happens in Accra, as well. (Applause.)
This is the simple truth of a time when the boundaries between people are overwhelmed by our connections. Your prosperity can expand America’s prosperity. Your health and security can contribute to the world’s health and security. And the strength of your democracy can help advance human rights for people everywhere.
So I do not see the countries and peoples of Africa as a world apart; I see Africa as a fundamental part of our interconnected world — (applause) — as partners with America on behalf of the future we want for all of our children. That partnership must be grounded in mutual responsibility and mutual respect. And that is what I want to speak with you about today.
We must start from the simple premise that Africa’s future is up to Africans.
I say this knowing full well the tragic past that has sometimes haunted this part of the world. After all, I have the blood of Africa within me, and my family’s — (applause) — my family’s own story encompasses both the tragedies and triumphs of the larger African story.
Some you know my grandfather was a cook for the British in Kenya, and though he was a respected elder in his village, his employers called him “boy” for much of his life. He was on the periphery of Kenya’s liberation struggles, but he was still imprisoned briefly during repressive times. In his life, colonialism wasn’t simply the creation of unnatural borders or unfair terms of trade — it was something experienced personally, day after day, year after year.
My father grew up herding goats in a tiny village, an impossible distance away from the American universities where he would come to get an education. He came of age at a moment of extraordinary promise for Africa. The struggles of his own father’s generation were giving birth to new nations, beginning right here in Ghana. (Applause.) Africans were educating and asserting themselves in new ways, and history was on the move.
But despite the progress that has been made — and there has been considerable progress in many parts of Africa — we also know that much of that promise has yet to be fulfilled. Countries like Kenya had a per capita economy larger than South Korea’s when I was born. They have badly been outpaced. Disease and conflict have ravaged parts of the African continent.
In many places, the hope of my father’s generation gave way to cynicism, even despair. Now, it’s easy to point fingers and to pin the blame of these problems on others. Yes, a colonial map that made little sense helped to breed conflict. The West has often approached Africa as a patron or a source of resources rather than a partner. But the West is not responsible for the destruction of the Zimbabwean economy over the last decade, or wars in which children are enlisted as combatants. In my father’s life, it was partly tribalism and patronage and nepotism in an independent Kenya that for a long stretch derailed his career, and we know that this kind of corruption is still a daily fact of life for far too many.
Now, we know that’s also not the whole story. Here in Ghana, you show us a face of Africa that is too often overlooked by a world that sees only tragedy or a need for charity. The people of Ghana have worked hard to put democracy on a firmer footing, with repeated peaceful transfers of power even in the wake of closely contested elections. (Applause.) And by the way, can I say that for that the minority deserves as much credit as the majority. (Applause.) And with improved governance and an emerging civil society, Ghana’s economy has shown impressive rates of growth. (Applause.)
This progress may lack the drama of 20th century liberation struggles, but make no mistake: It will ultimately be more significant. For just as it is important to emerge from the control of other nations, it is even more important to build one’s own nation.
So I believe that this moment is just as promising for Ghana and for Africa as the moment when my father came of age and new nations were being born. This is a new moment of great promise. Only this time, we’ve learned that it will not be giants like Nkrumah and Kenyatta who will determine Africa’s future. Instead, it will be you — the men and women in Ghana’s parliament — (applause) — the people you represent. It will be the young people brimming with talent and energy and hope who can claim the future that so many in previous generations never realized.
Now, to realize that promise, we must first recognize the fundamental truth that you have given life to in Ghana: Development depends on good governance. (Applause.) That is the ingredient which has been missing in far too many places, for far too long. That’s the change that can unlock Africa’s potential. And that is a responsibility that can only be met by Africans.
As for America and the West, our commitment must be measured by more than just the dollars we spend. I’ve pledged substantial increases in our foreign assistance, which is in Africa’s interests and America’s interests. But the true sign of success is not whether we are a source of perpetual aid that helps people scrape by — it’s whether we are partners in building the capacity for transformational change. (Applause.)
This mutual responsibility must be the foundation of our partnership. And today, I’ll focus on four areas that are critical to the future of Africa and the entire developing world: democracy, opportunity, health, and the peaceful resolution of conflict.
First, we must support strong and sustainable democratic governments. (Applause.)
As I said in Cairo, each nation gives life to democracy in its own way, and in line with its own traditions. But history offers a clear verdict: Governments that respect the will of their own people, that govern by consent and not coercion, are more prosperous, they are more stable, and more successful than governments that do not.
This is about more than just holding elections. It’s also about what happens between elections. (Applause.) Repression can take many forms, and too many nations, even those that have elections, are plagued by problems that condemn their people to poverty. No country is going to create wealth if its leaders exploit the economy to enrich themselves — (applause) — or if police — if police can be bought off by drug traffickers. (Applause.) No business wants to invest in a place where the government skims 20 percent off the top — (applause) — or the head of the Port Authority is corrupt. No person wants to live in a society where the rule of law gives way to the rule of brutality and bribery. (Applause.) That is not democracy, that is tyranny, even if occasionally you sprinkle an election in there. And now is the time for that style of governance to end. (Applause.)
In the 21st century, capable, reliable, and transparent institutions are the key to success — strong parliaments; honest police forces; independent judges — (applause); an independent press; a vibrant private sector; a civil society. (Applause.) Those are the things that give life to democracy, because that is what matters in people’s everyday lives.
Now, time and again, Ghanaians have chosen constitutional rule over autocracy, and shown a democratic spirit that allows the energy of your people to break through. (Applause.) We see that in leaders who accept defeat graciously — the fact that President Mills’ opponents were standing beside him last night to greet me when I came off the plane spoke volumes about Ghana — (applause); victors who resist calls to wield power against the opposition in unfair ways. We see that spirit in courageous journalists like Anas Aremeyaw Anas, who risked his life to report the truth. We see it in police like Patience Quaye, who helped prosecute the first human trafficker in Ghana. (Applause.) We see it in the young people who are speaking up against patronage, and participating in the political process.
Across Africa, we’ve seen countless examples of people taking control of their destiny, and making change from the bottom up. We saw it in Kenya, where civil society and business came together to help stop post-election violence. We saw it in South Africa, where over three-quarters of the country voted in the recent election — the fourth since the end of Apartheid. We saw it in Zimbabwe, where the Election Support Network braved brutal repression to stand up for the principle that a person’s vote is their sacred right.
Now, make no mistake: History is on the side of these brave Africans, not with those who use coups or change constitutions to stay in power. (Applause.) Africa doesn’t need strongmen, it needs strong institutions. (Applause.)
Now, America will not seek to impose any system of government on any other nation. The essential truth of democracy is that each nation determines its own destiny. But what America will do is increase assistance for responsible individuals and responsible institutions, with a focus on supporting good governance — on parliaments, which check abuses of power and ensure that opposition voices are heard — (applause); on the rule of law, which ensures the equal administration of justice; on civic participation, so that young people get involved; and on concrete solutions to corruption like forensic accounting and automating services — (applause) — strengthening hotlines, protecting whistle-blowers to advance transparency and accountability.
And we provide this support. I have directed my administration to give greater attention to corruption in our human rights reports. People everywhere should have the right to start a business or get an education without paying a bribe. (Applause.) We have a responsibility to support those who act responsibly and to isolate those who don’t, and that is exactly what America will do.
Now, this leads directly to our second area of partnership: supporting development that provides opportunity for more people.
With better governance, I have no doubt that Africa holds the promise of a broader base of prosperity. Witness the extraordinary success of Africans in my country, America. They’re doing very well. So they’ve got the talent, they’ve got the entrepreneurial spirit. The question is, how do we make sure that they’re succeeding here in their home countries? The continent is rich in natural resources. And from cell phone entrepreneurs to small farmers, Africans have shown the capacity and commitment to create their own opportunities. But old habits must also be broken. Dependence on commodities — or a single export — has a tendency to concentrate wealth in the hands of the few, and leaves people too vulnerable to downturns.
So in Ghana, for instance, oil brings great opportunities, and you have been very responsible in preparing for new revenue. But as so many Ghanaians know, oil cannot simply become the new cocoa. From South Korea to Singapore, history shows that countries thrive when they invest in their people and in their infrastructure — (applause); when they promote multiple export industries, develop a skilled workforce, and create space for small and medium-sized businesses that create jobs.
As Africans reach for this promise, America will be more responsible in extending our hand. By cutting costs that go to Western consultants and administration, we want to put more resources in the hands of those who need it, while training people to do more for themselves. (Applause.) That’s why our $3.5 billion food security initiative is focused on new methods and technologies for farmers — not simply sending American producers or goods to Africa. Aid is not an end in itself. The purpose of foreign assistance must be creating the conditions where it’s no longer needed. I want to see Ghanaians not only self-sufficient in food, I want to see you exporting food to other countries and earning money. You can do that. (Applause.)
Now, America can also do more to promote trade and investment. Wealthy nations must open our doors to goods and services from Africa in a meaningful way. That will be a commitment of my administration. And where there is good governance, we can broaden prosperity through public-private partnerships that invest in better roads and electricity; capacity-building that trains people to grow a business; financial services that reach not just the cities but also the poor and rural areas. This is also in our own interests — for if people are lifted out of poverty and wealth is created in Africa, guess what? New markets will open up for our own goods. So it’s good for both.
One area that holds out both undeniable peril and extraordinary promise is energy. Africa gives off less greenhouse gas than any other part of the world, but it is the most threatened by climate change. A warming planet will spread disease, shrink water resources, and deplete crops, creating conditions that produce more famine and more conflict. All of us — particularly the developed world — have a responsibility to slow these trends — through mitigation, and by changing the way that we use energy. But we can also work with Africans to turn this crisis into opportunity.
Together, we can partner on behalf of our planet and prosperity, and help countries increase access to power while skipping — leapfrogging the dirtier phase of development. Think about it: Across Africa, there is bountiful wind and solar power; geothermal energy and biofuels. From the Rift Valley to the North African deserts; from the Western coasts to South Africa’s crops — Africa’s boundless natural gifts can generate its own power, while exporting profitable, clean energy abroad.
These steps are about more than growth numbers on a balance sheet. They’re about whether a young person with an education can get a job that supports a family; a farmer can transfer their goods to market; an entrepreneur with a good idea can start a business. It’s about the dignity of work; it’s about the opportunity that must exist for Africans in the 21st century.
Just as governance is vital to opportunity, it’s also critical to the third area I want to talk about: strengthening public health.
In recent years, enormous progress has been made in parts of Africa. Far more people are living productively with HIV/AIDS, and getting the drugs they need. I just saw a wonderful clinic and hospital that is focused particularly on maternal health. But too many still die from diseases that shouldn’t kill them. When children are being killed because of a mosquito bite, and mothers are dying in childbirth, then we know that more progress must be made.
Yet because of incentives — often provided by donor nations — many African doctors and nurses go overseas, or work for programs that focus on a single disease. And this creates gaps in primary care and basic prevention. Meanwhile, individual Africans also have to make responsible choices that prevent the spread of disease, while promoting public health in their communities and countries.
So across Africa, we see examples of people tackling these problems. In Nigeria, an Interfaith effort of Christians and Muslims has set an example of cooperation to confront malaria. Here in Ghana and across Africa, we see innovative ideas for filling gaps in care — for instance, through E-Health initiatives that allow doctors in big cities to support those in small towns.
America will support these efforts through a comprehensive, global health strategy, because in the 21st century, we are called to act by our conscience but also by our common interest, because when a child dies of a preventable disease in Accra, that diminishes us everywhere. And when disease goes unchecked in any corner of the world, we know that it can spread across oceans and continents.
And that’s why my administration has committed $63 billion to meet these challenges — $63 billion. (Applause.) Building on the strong efforts of President Bush, we will carry forward the fight against HIV/AIDS. We will pursue the goal of ending deaths from malaria and tuberculosis, and we will work to eradicate polio. (Applause.) We will fight — we will fight neglected tropical disease. And we won’t confront illnesses in isolation — we will invest in public health systems that promote wellness and focus on the health of mothers and children. (Applause.)
Now, as we partner on behalf of a healthier future, we must also stop the destruction that comes not from illness, but from human beings — and so the final area that I will address is conflict.
Let me be clear: Africa is not the crude caricature of a continent at perpetual war. But if we are honest, for far too many Africans, conflict is a part of life, as constant as the sun. There are wars over land and wars over resources. And it is still far too easy for those without conscience to manipulate whole communities into fighting among faiths and tribes.
These conflicts are a millstone around Africa’s neck. Now, we all have many identities — of tribe and ethnicity; of religion and nationality. But defining oneself in opposition to someone who belongs to a different tribe, or who worships a different prophet, has no place in the 21st century. (Applause.) Africa’s diversity should be a source of strength, not a cause for division. We are all God’s children. We all share common aspirations — to live in peace and security; to access education and opportunity; to love our families and our communities and our faith. That is our common humanity.
That is why we must stand up to inhumanity in our midst. It is never justified — never justifiable to target innocents in the name of ideology. (Applause.) It is the death sentence of a society to force children to kill in wars. It is the ultimate mark of criminality and cowardice to condemn women to relentless and systemic rape. We must bear witness to the value of every child in Darfur and the dignity of every woman in the Congo. No faith or culture should condone the outrages against them. And all of us must strive for the peace and security necessary for progress.
Africans are standing up for this future. Here, too, in Ghana we are seeing you help point the way forward. Ghanaians should take pride in your contributions to peacekeeping from Congo to Liberia to Lebanon — (applause) — and your efforts to resist the scourge of the drug trade. (Applause.) We welcome the steps that are being taken by organizations like the African Union and ECOWAS to better resolve conflicts, to keep the peace, and support those in need. And we encourage the vision of a strong, regional security architecture that can bring effective, transnational forces to bear when needed.
America has a responsibility to work with you as a partner to advance this vision, not just with words, but with support that strengthens African capacity. When there’s a genocide in Darfur or terrorists in Somalia, these are not simply African problems — they are global security challenges, and they demand a global response.
And that’s why we stand ready to partner through diplomacy and technical assistance and logistical support, and we will stand behind efforts to hold war criminals accountable. And let me be clear: Our Africa Command is focused not on establishing a foothold in the continent, but on confronting these common challenges to advance the security of America, Africa, and the world. (Applause.)
In Moscow, I spoke of the need for an international system where the universal rights of human beings are respected, and violations of those rights are opposed. And that must include a commitment to support those who resolve conflicts peacefully, to sanction and stop those who don’t, and to help those who have suffered. But ultimately, it will be vibrant democracies like Botswana and Ghana which roll back the causes of conflict and advance the frontiers of peace and prosperity.
As I said earlier, Africa’s future is up to Africans.
The people of Africa are ready to claim that future. And in my country, African Americans — including so many recent immigrants — have thrived in every sector of society. We’ve done so despite a difficult past, and we’ve drawn strength from our African heritage. With strong institutions and a strong will, I know that Africans can live their dreams in Nairobi and Lagos, Kigali, Kinshasa, Harare, and right here in Accra. (Applause.)
You know, 52 years ago, the eyes of the world were on Ghana. And a young preacher named Martin Luther King traveled here, to Accra, to watch the Union Jack come down and the Ghanaian flag go up. This was before the march on Washington or the success of the civil rights movement in my country. Dr. King was asked how he felt while watching the birth of a nation. And he said: “It renews my conviction in the ultimate triumph of justice.”
Now that triumph must be won once more, and it must be won by you. (Applause.) And I am particularly speaking to the young people all across Africa and right here in Ghana. In places like Ghana, young people make up over half of the population.
And here is what you must know: The world will be what you make of it. You have the power to hold your leaders accountable, and to build institutions that serve the people. You can serve in your communities, and harness your energy and education to create new wealth and build new connections to the world. You can conquer disease, and end conflicts, and make change from the bottom up. You can do that. Yes you can — (applause) — because in this moment, history is on the move.
But these things can only be done if all of you take responsibility for your future. And it won’t be easy. It will take time and effort. There will be suffering and setbacks. But I can promise you this: America will be with you every step of the way — as a partner, as a friend. (Applause.) Opportunity won’t come from any other place, though. It must come from the decisions that all of you make, the things that you do, the hope that you hold in your heart.
Ghana, freedom is your inheritance. Now, it is your responsibility to build upon freedom’s foundation. And if you do, we will look back years from now to places like Accra and say this was the time when the promise was realized; this was the moment when prosperity was forged, when pain was overcome, and a new era of progress began. This can be the time when we witness the triumph of justice once more. Yes we can. Thank you very much. God bless you. Thank you. (Applause.)

DISCOURS DU PRÉSIDENT AU PARLEMENT GHANÉEN

Palais international des congrès

Accra (Ghana)

Le président : (Son d’une trompette.) Ça me plaît ! Merci, merci. Je pense que notre Congrès a besoin d’une de ces trompettes. J’aime bien le son, cela me rappelle Louis Armstrong.

Bon après-midi à tous. C’est un grand honneur pour moi d’être à Accra et de parler aux représentants du peuple ghanéen. Je suis très reconnaissant de l’accueil que j’ai reçu, tout comme le sont Michelle, Malia et Sasha Obama. L’histoire ghanéenne est riche, les liens entre nos deux pays sont forts, et je suis fier que ce soit ma première visite en Afrique subsaharienne en qualité de président des États-Unis d’Amérique.

Je voudrais remercier la présidente et tous les membres de la Chambre des représentants de nous accueillir aujourd’hui. Je voudrais remercier le président Mills pour ses qualités extraordinaires de direction. Aux anciens présidents – Jerry Rawlings, l’ancien président Kufuor – au vice-président, au président de la Cour suprême, je vous remercie tous pour votre hospitalité extraordinaire et pour les merveilleuses institutions que vous avez bâties au Ghana.

Je vous parle à la fin d’un long voyage. Je l’ai commencé en Russie par une réunion au sommet entre deux grandes puissances. Je me suis rendu en Italie pour la réunion des grandes puissances économiques du monde. Et me voici, enfin, au Ghana, pour une simple raison : le XXIe siècle sera influencé par ce qui se passera non seulement à Rome ou à Moscou ou à Washington, mais aussi à Accra.

C’est la simple vérité d’une époque où nos connexions font disparaître les frontières entre les peuples. Votre prospérité peut accroître la prospérité des États-Unis. Votre santé et votre sécurité peuvent contribuer à la santé et à la sécurité du monde. Et la force de votre démocratie peut contribuer à la progression des droits de l’homme pour tous les peuples.

Je ne considère donc pas les pays et les peuples d’Afrique comme un monde à part ; je considère l’Afrique comme une partie fondamentale de notre monde interconnecté, comme un partenaire des États-Unis en faveur de l’avenir que nous souhaitons pour tous nos enfants. Ce partenariat doit se fonder sur la responsabilité mutuelle et sur le respect mutuel : c’est ce dont je tiens à vous parler aujourd’hui.

Nous devons partir du principe qu’il revient aux Africains de décider de l’avenir de l’Afrique.

Je dis cela en étant pleinement conscient du passé tragique qui hante parfois cette partie du monde. Après tout, j’ai du sang africain dans les veines, et l’histoire de ma famille englobe aussi bien les tragédies que les triomphes de l’histoire de l’Afrique dans son ensemble.

Certains d’entre vous savent que mon grand-père était cuisinier chez des Britanniques au Kénya, et bien qu’il fût un ancien respecté dans son village, ses employeurs l’ont appelé « boy » pendant la plus grande partie de sa vie. Il était à la périphérie des luttes en faveur de la libération du Kénya, mais il a quand même été incarcéré brièvement pendant la période de répression. Durant sa vie, le colonialisme n’était pas simplement la création de frontières artificielles ou de termes de l’échange inéquitables ; c’était quelque chose que l’on éprouvait dans sa vie personnelle jour après jour, année après année.

Mon père a grandi dans un tout petit village où il gardait des chèvres, à une distance impossible des universités américaines où il irait faire des études. Il est devenu adulte à un moment de promesse extraordinaire pour l’Afrique. Les luttes de la génération de son propre père ont donné naissance à de nouveaux États, en commençant ici au Ghana. Les Africains s’éduquaient et s’affirmaient d’une nouvelle façon. L’histoire était en marche.

Toutefois, malgré les progrès obtenus – et il y a eu des progrès considérables dans certaines parties de l’Afrique – nous savons aussi que cette promesse est encore loin de se réaliser. Des pays tels que le Kénya, dont le revenu par habitant était supérieur à celui de la Corée du Sud lorsque je suis né, ont été fortement distancés. Les maladies et les conflits ont ravagé plusieurs régions du continent africain.

Dans de nombreux pays, l’espoir de la génération de mon père a cédé la place au cynisme, voire au désespoir. Certes, il est facile de pointer du doigt et de rejeter la responsabilité de ces problèmes sur d’autres. Il est vrai qu’une carte coloniale qui n’avait guère de sens a contribué à susciter des conflits, et l’Occident a souvent traité avec l’Afrique avec condescendance, à la quête de ressources plutôt qu’en partenaire. Cependant, l’Occident n’est pas responsable de la destruction de l’économie zimbabwéenne au cours des dix dernières années, ni des guerres où des enfants sont enrôlés comme soldats. Durant la vie de mon père, ce sont en partie le tribalisme et le népotisme dans un Kénya indépendant qui, pendant longtemps, ont fait dérailler sa carrière, et nous savons que cette forme de corruption est toujours un fait quotidien de la vie d’un trop grand nombre de personnes.

Or, nous savons que ce n’est pas là toute l’histoire. Ici au Ghana, vous nous montrez un aspect de l’Afrique qui est trop souvent négligé par un monde qui ne voit que les tragédies ou la nécessité d’une aide charitable. Le peuple ghanéen a travaillé dur pour consolider la démocratie, au moyen de passages pacifiques répétés du pouvoir, même à la suite d’élections très serrées. Et à cet égard, je voudrais dire que la minorité mérite tout autant de louanges que la majorité. Grâce à une meilleure gouvernance et au rôle de la société civile naissante, l’économie ghanéenne a enregistré un taux de croissance impressionnant.

Ce progrès ne possède sans doute pas l’aspect dramatique des luttes de libération du XXe siècle, mais que personne ne s’y trompe : il sera, en fin de compte, plus significatif. Car de même qu’il est important de se soustraire au contrôle d’une autre nation, il est encore plus important de se forger sa propre nation.

C’est pourquoi je suis convaincu que la période actuelle est tout aussi prometteuse pour le Ghana et pour l’Afrique que celle pendant laquelle mon père est devenu adulte et que de nouveaux États sont apparus. C’est une nouvelle période de grande promesse. Seulement cette fois-ci, nous avons appris que ce ne seront pas de grandes personnalités telles que Nkrumah et Kenyatta qui décideront du destin de l’Afrique. Ce sera vous, les hommes et les femmes du Parlement ghanéen et le peuple que vous représentez. Ce seront les jeunes, débordant de talent, d’énergie et d’espoir, qui pourront revendiquer l’avenir que tant de personnes des générations précédentes n’ont jamais réalisé.

Maintenant, pour réaliser cette promesse, nous devons tout d’abord reconnaître une vérité fondamentale à laquelle vous avez donné vie au Ghana, à savoir que le développement dépend de la bonne gouvernance. C’est l’ingrédient qui fait défaut dans beaucoup trop de pays depuis bien trop longtemps. C’est le changement qui peut déverrouiller les potentialités de l’Afrique. Enfin, c’est une responsabilité dont seuls les Africains peuvent s’acquitter.

Quant aux États-Unis et au reste de l’Occident, notre engagement ne doit pas se mesurer uniquement à l’aune des dollars que nous dépensons. Je me suis engagé à augmenter fortement notre aide à l’étranger, ce qui correspond à l’intérêt de l’Afrique et à celui des États-Unis. Toutefois, le véritable signe de réussite n’est pas de savoir si nous sommes une source d’aide perpétuelle qui aide les gens à survivre tant bien que mal, mais si nous sommes des partenaires dans la création des capacités nécessaires pour un changement transformateur.

Cette responsabilité mutuelle doit être le fondement de notre partenariat. Aujourd’hui, je parlerai tout particulièrement de quatre domaines qui sont essentiels pour l’avenir de l’Afrique et de tous les pays en développement : la démocratie, les possibilités économiques, la santé et le règlement pacifique des conflits.

Premièrement, nous devons soutenir les démocraties puissantes et durables.

Comme je l’ai dit au Caire, chaque nation façonne la démocratie à sa manière, conformément à ses traditions. Mais l’histoire prononce un verdict clair : les gouvernements qui respectent la volonté de leur peuple, qui gouvernent par le consentement et non par la coercition, sont plus prospères, plus stables et plus florissants que ceux qui ne le font pas.

Il ne s’agit pas seulement d’organiser des élections – il faut voir ce qui se passe entre les scrutins. La répression revêt de nombreuses formes et trop de pays, même ceux qui tiennent des élections, sont en proie à des problèmes qui condamnent leur peuple à la pauvreté. Aucun pays ne peut créer de richesse si ses dirigeants exploitent l’économie pour s’enrichir personnellement, ou si des policiers peuvent être achetés par des trafiquants de drogue. Aucune entreprise ne veut investir dans un pays où le gouvernement se taille au départ une part de 20 %, ou dans lequel le chef de l’autorité portuaire est corrompu. Personne ne veut vivre dans une société où la règle de droit cède la place à la loi du plus fort et à la corruption. Ce n’est pas de la démocratie, c’est de la tyrannie, même si de temps en temps on y sème une élection ça et là, et il est temps que ce style de gouvernement disparaisse.

En ce XXIe siècle, des institutions capables, fiables et transparentes sont la clé du succès – des parlements puissants et des forces de police honnêtes ; des juges et des journalistes indépendants ; un secteur privé et une société civile florissants, ainsi qu’une presse indépendante. Tels sont les éléments qui donnent vie à la démocratie, parce que c’est ce qui compte dans la vie quotidienne des gens.

Les Ghanéens ont à maintes reprises préféré le droit constitutionnel à l’autocratie, et ont fait preuve d’un esprit démocratique qui permet à leur énergie de se manifester. Nous le voyons dans les dirigeants qui acceptent la défaite gracieusement – le fait que les concurrents du président Mills se tenaient là à ses côtés lorsque je suis descendu de l’avion en dit long sur le Ghana – et dans les vainqueurs qui résistent aux appels à l’exercice de leur pouvoir contre l’opposition de manière injuste. Nous voyons cet esprit se manifester dans les journalistes courageux comme Anas Aremeyaw Anas, qui a risqué sa vie pour relater la vérité. Nous le voyons dans des policiers comme Patience Quaye, qui a contribué à faire traduire en justice le premier trafiquant d’êtres humains au Ghana. Nous le voyons dans les jeunes qui s’élèvent contre le népotisme et qui participent à la vie politique.

Dans toute l’Afrique, nous avons vu de multiples exemples de gens qui prennent leur destinée en main et qui opèrent des changements à partir de la base. Nous l’avons vu au Kénya, où la société civile et le secteur privé se sont unis pour aider à stopper la violence postélectorale. Nous l’avons vu en Afrique du Sud, où plus des trois quarts des citoyens ont voté dans la dernière élection, la quatrième depuis la fin de l’apartheid. Nous l’avons vu au Zimbabwé, où le Réseau de soutien au vote a bravé la brutale répression pour faire valoir le principe selon lequel le droit de vote d’un citoyen est sacré.

Alors ne vous y trompez pas : l’histoire est du côté de ces courageux Africains, et non dans le camp de ceux qui se servent de coups d’État ou qui modifient les constitutions pour rester au pouvoir. L’Afrique n’a pas besoin d’hommes forts, mais de fortes institutions.

L’Amérique ne cherchera pas à imposer un système quelconque de gouvernement à aucune autre nation. La vérité essentielle de la démocratie est que chaque nation détermine elle-même son destin. Ce que fera l’Amérique, en revanche, ce sera d’accroître son aide aux personnes et aux institutions responsables, en mettant l’accent sur l’appui à la bonne gouvernance : aux parlements, qui maîtrisent les abus de pouvoir et s’assurent que les voix de l’opposition peuvent s’exprimer ; à la règle de droit, qui garantit l’égalité de tous devant la justice ; à la participation civile, afin que les jeunes soient actifs dans la vie politique ; et à des solutions concrètes à la corruption telles que l’expertise comptable, l’automatisation des services, le renforcement des lignes d’appel d’urgence, la protection de ceux qui dénoncent les abus afin de promouvoir la transparence, et la responsabilité.

Et cette aide, nous la fournissons. J’ai demandé à mon gouvernement d’accorder davantage d’attention à la corruption dans notre rapport sur les droits de l’homme. Tous les gens devraient avoir le droit de démarrer une entreprise ou d’obtenir une éducation sans avoir à verser de pots-de-vin. Nous avons le devoir de soutenir ceux qui agissent de façon responsable et d’isoler ceux qui ne le font pas, et c’est exactement ce que fera l’Amérique.

Cela nous conduit directement à notre deuxième domaine de coopération – le soutien à un développement qui offre des débouchés aux gens.

Avec une meilleure gouvernance, je ne doute pas que l’Afrique tiendra sa promesse de créer une plus vaste base pour la prospérité. Témoin en est le succès extraordinaire d’Africains dans mon propre pays d’Amérique. Ils se portent très bien. Ils ont donc le talent et ils possèdent l’esprit d’entreprise – la question est de savoir comment s’assurer qu’ils réussissent ici dans leur pays d’origine. Ce continent est riche en ressources naturelles. Et que ce soient des chefs d’entreprises spécialisées dans la téléphonie portable ou des petits agriculteurs, les Africains ont montré leur capacité et leur volonté de créer leurs propres possibilités. Mais il faut également rompre avec de vieilles habitudes. La dépendance vis-à-vis des matières premières – ou d’un seul produit d’exportation – a tendance à concentrer la richesse au sein d’une minorité, laissant la majorité vulnérable à la récession.

Au Ghana, par exemple, le pétrole crée de magnifiques possibilités, et vous vous êtes préparés à ces nouveaux revenus de façon responsable. Mais comme le savent de nombreux Ghanéens, le pétrole ne peut pas simplement remplacer le cacao. De la Corée du Sud à Singapour, l’histoire montre que les pays réussissent lorsqu’ils investissent dans la société et dans leur infrastructure ; lorsqu’ils multiplient les industries d’exportation, se dotent d’une main-d’œuvre qualifiée et font de la place aux petites et moyennes entreprises créatrices d’emplois.

Alors que les Africains se rapprochent de cette promesse, l’Amérique va leur tendre la main de façon plus responsable. En réduisant les sommes qui vont aux consultants occidentaux et au gouvernement, nous voulons mettre plus de ressources entre les mains de ceux qui en ont besoin, tout en apprenant aux gens à faire plus pour eux-mêmes. C’est pourquoi notre initiative de 3,5 milliards de dollars en faveur de la sécurité alimentaire est axée sur de nouvelles méthodes et technologies agricoles, et non pas sur la simple expédition de biens et services américains vers l’Afrique. L’aide n’est pas une fin en soi. L’objectif de l’aide à l’étranger doit être de créer les conditions dans lesquelles elle ne sera plus nécessaire. Non seulement je veux voir les Ghanéens autosuffisants sur le plan alimentaire, je veux vous voir exporter des produits alimentaires à d’autres pays et gagner de l’argent. Cela, vous le pouvez.

Certes, l’Amérique peut faire plus pour promouvoir le commerce et les investissements. Les pays riches doivent réellement ouvrir leurs portes aux biens et services de l’Afrique d’une manière significative. Ce sera d’ailleurs un des engagements de mon gouvernement. Et là où il y a une bonne gouvernance, nous pouvons étendre la prospérité par le truchement de partenariats entre les secteurs public et privé qui investiront dans l’amélioration des routes et des réseaux électriques ; de programmes de formation qui apprendront aux gens comment développer leur entreprise ; et de services financiers non seulement pour les villes mais pour les régions pauvres et les zones rurales. Cela aussi dans notre propre intérêt – parce que si les gens se sortent de la pauvreté et que de la richesse se crée en Afrique, il s’ensuit que de nouveaux marchés s’ouvriront pour nos propres produits. Tout le monde y gagne.

Un secteur qui représente à la fois un danger indéniable et une promesse extraordinaire est celui de l’énergie. L’Afrique émet moins de gaz à effet de serre que toute autre région du monde, mais elle est la plus menacée par le changement climatique. Une planète qui se réchauffe propagera les maladies, réduira les ressources en eau, épuisera les récoltes, et créera les conditions favorables à plus de famine et plus de conflits. Nous avons tous – en particulier le monde développé – le devoir de ralentir ces tendances, en réduisant les effets du changement climatique et en changeant la façon dont nous utilisons l’énergie. Mais nous pouvons également coopérer avec les Africains pour transformer cette crise en occasion de progrès.

Ensemble, nous pouvons coopérer en faveur de notre planète et de la prospérité, et aider les pays à accroître leur accès à l’énergie tout en sautant, en contournant les phases les plus polluantes du développement. Pensez-y : dans l’ensemble de l’Afrique, il existe de l’énergie éolienne et solaire en abondance, ainsi que de l’énergie géothermique et des biocarburants. De la vallée du Rift aux déserts de l’Afrique du Nord ; de la côte de l’Afrique de l’Ouest aux récoltes de l’Afrique du Sud – les dons inépuisables que procure la nature à l’Afrique peuvent lui permettre de créer sa propre énergie et d’exporter de l’énergie propre et rentable à l’étranger.

Il ne s’agit pas seulement de chiffres de croissance sur un bilan comptable. Il s’agit de savoir si un jeune doté d’une éducation peut trouver un emploi qui lui permettra de nourrir sa famille ; si un agriculteur peut amener ses produits au marché ; ou si un homme d’affaires armé d’une bonne idée peut démarrer une entreprise. Il s’agit de la dignité du travail. Il s’agit d’une chance que doivent pouvoir saisir les Africains au XXIe siècle.

De même que la gouvernance est une condition essentielle du progrès économique, elle revêt également une importance cruciale dans le troisième domaine que je voudrais à présent aborder, l’amélioration de la santé publique.

Ces dernières années, des progrès énormes ont été accomplis dans certaines parties de l’Afrique. Les gens sont beaucoup plus nombreux à vivre avec le VIH/sida de manière productive et à obtenir les médicaments qu’il leur faut. Je viens de visiter une merveilleuse clinique, un hôpital spécialisé dans la santé maternelle. Mais trop d’Africains périssent toujours de maladies qui ne devraient pas les tuer. Lorsque des enfants meurent d’une piqûre de moustique et que des mères succombent lors d’un accouchement, nous savons qu’il reste des progrès à faire.

Or du fait des incitations, souvent fournies par les pays donateurs, beaucoup de médecins et d’infirmiers africains s’en vont à l’étranger, ou travaillent à des programmes qui luttent contre une maladie unique. Cette situation crée des lacunes en matière de soins primaires et de prévention de base. Par ailleurs, il appartient à tout un chacun de faire sa part. Il faut faire des choix responsables de nature à prévenir la propagation de la maladie et à promouvoir la santé publique dans la collectivité et dans le pays.

Ainsi, d’un bout à l’autre de l’Afrique, nous voyons des exemples de gens qui s’attaquent à ces problèmes. Au Nigéria, des chrétiens et des musulmans ont mis en place un programme interconfessionnel de lutte contre le paludisme qui est un modèle de coopération. Ici au Ghana et dans toute l’Afrique, nous observons des idées novatrices visant à combler les lacunes du système de santé, par exemple des initiatives d’échanges d’informations médicales par Internet qui permettent à des médecins exerçant dans de grandes villes d’aider ceux des petites agglomérations.

Les États-Unis appuieront ces efforts dans le cadre d’une stratégie de santé exhaustive et mondiale. Car au XXIe siècle, nous sommes appelés à agir selon notre conscience mais aussi dans notre intérêt commun. Lorsqu’un enfant meurt à Accra d’une maladie évitable, cela nous diminue partout. Lorsque dans un coin quelconque du monde on néglige de s’attaquer à une maladie, nous savons qu’elle peut se propager à travers les océans et d’un continent à l’autre.

C’est pourquoi mon gouvernement s’est engagé à consacrer 63 milliards de dollars à relever ces défis – 63 milliards de dollars. En nous fondant sur les solides efforts du président Bush, nous poursuivrons la lutte contre le VIH/sida. Nous ne cesserons de chercher à enrayer la mortalité due au paludisme et à la tuberculose et nous travaillerons à éradiquer la polio. Il ne s’agit d’ailleurs pas de s’attaquer aux maladies isolément : nous investirons dans des systèmes de santé publique à même de prévenir la maladie et de promouvoir le bien-être, en mettant l’accent sur la santé maternelle et infantile.

En même temps que nous unissons nos efforts en faveur d’une meilleure santé, nous devons également stopper la destruction causée non pas par la maladie, mais par les êtres humains. C’est pourquoi le dernier domaine que je vais aborder se rapporte aux conflits.

Soyons bien clairs : l’Afrique ne correspond pas à la caricature grossière d’un continent perpétuellement en guerre. Mais si l’on est honnête, pour beaucoup trop d’Africains, le conflit fait partie de la vie ; il est aussi constant que le soleil. On se bat pour des territoires et on se bat pour des ressources. Et il est toujours trop facile à des individus sans conscience d’entraîner des communautés entières dans des guerres entre religions et entre tribus.

Tous ces conflits pèsent sur l’Afrique comme un véritable boulet. Nous sommes tous répartis selon nos identités diverses, de tribu et d’ethnie, de religion et de nationalité. Mais se définir par son opposition à une personne d’une autre tribu, ou qui vénère un prophète différent, cela n’a aucune place au XXIe siècle. La diversité de l’Afrique devrait être source de force et non facteur de division. Nous sommes tous enfants de Dieu. Nous partageons tous des aspirations communes : vivre dans la paix et dans la sécurité ; avoir accès à l’éducation et à la possibilité de réussir ; aimer notre famille, notre communauté et notre foi. Voilà notre humanité commune.

C’est la raison pour laquelle nous devons nous élever contre l’inhumanité parmi nous. Il n’est jamais justifiable – jamais justifiable – de cibler des innocents au nom d’une idéologie. C’est un arrêt de mort, pour toute société, que de forcer des enfants à tuer dans une guerre. C’est une marque suprême de criminalité et de lâcheté que de condamner des femmes à l’ignominie continuelle et systémique du viol. Nous devons rendre témoignage de la valeur de chaque enfant au Darfour et de la dignité de chaque femme au Congo. Aucune religion, aucune culture ne doit excuser les atrocités qui leur sont infligées. Nous devons tous rechercher la paix et la sécurité nécessaires au progrès.

On voit d’ailleurs des Africains se mobiliser pour cet avenir. Ici aussi, au Ghana, nous vous voyons contribuer à montrer la voie. Soyez fiers, Ghanéens, de vos contributions au maintien de la paix au Congo, au Libéria ou encore au Liban, ainsi que de votre résistance au fléau du trafic de stupéfiants. Nous nous félicitons des mesures que prennent des organisations telles que l’Union africaine et la CEDEAO en vue de mieux régler les conflits, de maintenir la paix et de soutenir ceux qui sont dans le besoin. Et nous encourageons la vision d’un cadre sécuritaire régional puissant, capable de mobiliser une force efficace et transnationale lorsque cela s’avère nécessaire.

Il incombe aux États-Unis de travailler avec vous en tant que partenaire à promouvoir cette vision, non seulement par des paroles mais aussi par des appuis qui renforcent les capacités de l’Afrique. Lorsqu’il y a génocide au Darfour ou des terroristes en Somalie, ce ne sont pas simplement des problèmes africains : ce sont des défis mondiaux à la sécurité, exigeant une riposte mondiale.

C’est pourquoi nous sommes prêts à agir en partenariat, tant par la diplomatie que par l’assistance technique et l’appui logistique, et que nous soutiendrons les efforts visant à contraindre les criminels de guerre à rendre des comptes. En outre, je tiens à le dire clairement : notre Commandement pour l’Afrique ne vise pas à prendre pied sur le continent, mais à relever ces défis communs afin de renforcer la sécurité des États-Unis, de l’Afrique et du reste du monde.

À Moscou, j’ai parlé de la nécessité d’un système international où les droits universels des êtres humains soient respectés et où les violations de ces droits soient combattues. Ceci doit inclure un engagement à soutenir ceux qui règlent les conflits pacifiquement, à sanctionner et à arrêter ceux qui ne le font pas, et à aider ceux qui ont souffert. Mais en fin de compte, ce seront des démocraties dynamiques telles que le Botswana et le Ghana qui diminueront les causes de conflit et élargiront les frontières de la paix et de la prospérité.

Comme je l’ai déjà dit, l’avenir de l’Afrique appartient aux Africains. Les peuples d’Afrique sont prêts à revendiquer cet avenir. Dans mon pays, les Afro-Américains – dont un grand nombre d’immigrés récents – réussissent dans tous les secteurs de la société. Cela, nous l’avons accompli en dépit d’un passé difficile et nous avons puisé notre force dans notre héritage africain. Avec de puissantes institutions et une ferme volonté, je sais que les Africains peuvent réaliser leurs rêves à Nairobi et à Lagos, à Kigali et à Kinshasa, à Harare et ici-même à Accra.

Vous savez, il y a cinquante-deux ans, les yeux du monde étaient rivés sur le Ghana. Et un jeune prédicateur du nom de Martin Luther King est venu ici, à Accra, pour voir amener les couleurs de l’Union Jack et hisser le drapeau du Ghana. Cet événement précédait la Marche sur Washington et l’aboutissement du mouvement des droits civiques dans mon pays. On a demandé à Martin Luther King quel sentiment lui avait inspiré la vue de la naissance d’une nation, et il a répondu : « Cela renforce ma conviction que la justice finit toujours par triompher. »

Aujourd’hui, ce triomphe doit être, une fois de plus, renouvelé, et c’est vous qui le devrez le faire. Ici, je m’adresse particulièrement aux jeunes, à travers toute l’Afrique et ici-même au Ghana. Dans des endroits comme le Ghana, vous représentez plus de la moitié de la population.

Et voici ce que vous devez savoir : le monde sera ce que vous en ferez. Vous avez le pouvoir de responsabiliser vos dirigeants et de bâtir des institutions qui servent le peuple. Vous pouvez servir vos communautés et mettre votre énergie et votre savoir à contribution pour créer de nouvelles richesses ainsi que de nouvelles connexions avec le monde. Vous pouvez conquérir la maladie, mettre fin aux conflits et réaliser le changement à partir de la base. Vous pouvez faire tout cela. Oui, vous le pouvez. Car en ce moment précis, l’histoire est en marche.

Mais ces choses ne pourront se faire que si vous saisissez la responsabilité de votre avenir. Ce ne sera pas facile. Cela exigera du temps et des efforts. Il y aura des souffrances et des revers. Mais je puis vous promettre ceci : l’Amérique vous accompagnera tout le long du chemin, en tant que partenaire ; en tant qu’amie. Cependant, le progrès ne viendra de nulle part ailleurs, il doit découler des décisions que vous prendrez, des actions que vous engagerez et de l’espoir que vous porterez dans votre cœur.

Ghana, la liberté est votre héritage. À présent, c’est à vous que revient la responsabilité de bâtir sur cette fondation de liberté. Si vous le faites, nous pourrons, bien des années plus tard, nous remémorer des lieux comme Accra et nous dire que c’est à ce moment-là que la promesse s’est réalisée, que la prospérité s’est forgée, que la douleur a été surmontée et qu’une nouvelle ère de progrès a débuté. Ce moment peut être celui où nous verrons, une fois de plus, triompher la justice. Oui, nous le pouvons. Merci beaucoup. Que Dieu vous bénisse. Je vous remercie.

Wikio

Filed under: Africa, Barack Obama, Ghana, corruption, governance

Tough love from a brother

Barack Obama before leaving Ghana
Mr Obama is promising a great deal if Africa can change

By Will Ross
BBC News, Ghana

He may only have been in Africa for 21 hours but it was long enough for Barack Obama to send out his inspiring message across the continent – “A New Moment Of Promise,” he called it.

He urged Africans to stop laying the blame elsewhere and to take control of their own destiny.

He encouraged the younger generation to catch the “Yes We Can” fever that had assisted his own rise to the White House.

Strengthening democracy from the grassroots requires some brave foot soldiers and Mr Obama singled out the work of civil society groups such as Zimbabwe’s Election Support Network, which struggled to ensure people’s votes counted in the face of a violent state-driven clampdown.


A young girl in Ghana
Africa’s future lies with its youth, Mr Obama said

“Make no mistake: history is on the side of these brave Africans, and not with those who use coups or change constitutions to stay in power. Africa doesn’t need strongmen, it needs strong institutions,” Mr Obama stated.

Ghana is a case in point – one of the reasons for Ghana’s successful election late last year was its strong electoral commission.

Along the West African coast the Sierra Leone People’s Party was voted out of power in 2007 amid growing anger at government corruption.

The election worked because the National Electoral Commission, headed by Christiana Thorpe, was strong and did not buckle under pressure to fix the vote.

The strong institutions are certainly lacking in Barack Obama’s African home – Kenya.

When Mwai Kibaki was announced the winner of the 2007 election, the head of the government-appointed electoral commission, Simon Kivuiti, admitted that he did not know for sure if Mr Kibaki had won.


He said if you want to play ball on the international level you have to play by the international rules

Kwesi Aning
Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Institute

During his speech Barack Obama did not name and shame leaders – that is not his style.

But his denunciation of Africa’s “strong men” will have made a few leaders squirm in their presidential palaces.

Mr Obama seemed to be adding his voice to the collective despair across West Africa as Niger’s president, Mamadou Tandja, tears up the rule book in an attempt to stay in power.

Cameroon’s Paul Biya, Senegal’s octogenarian President Abdoulaye Wade, Uganda’s Yoweri Museveni and several others have also changed the rules in order to remain in office.

Mutual responsibility

The question is whether those leaders are going to play the blindest bit of attention to the words of an African-American who is far more popular than they are.

They may well have reached for the television remote control and found something less uncomfortable to watch.


Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni
Mr Museveni has changed the rule book to stay in power

Barack Obama said the partnership between Africa and America must be one of mutual responsibility.

“He threw the ball into our own court and said if you want to play ball on the international level you have to play by the international rules,” said Kwesi Aning of the Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Institute.

It will not be easy to change some old, corrupt habits but if Africa plays its part Barack Obama is promising a great deal in return including assistance to boost agriculture, trade and healthcare.

But, in a difficult economic climate, the US may be hard pushed to fulfil some of its promises.

In Uganda, for example, there is mounting concern as funding constraints are forcing health centres to stop enrolling new patients for US-funded anti-retroviral treatment under the President’s Emergency Plan for Aids Relief (PEPFAR) initiative which George Bush started.

Being an African-American means Barack Obama is listened to as a brother in Africa rather than as a condescending visitor.

Whiff of hypocrisy?

People agreed with him rather than dismissing him when he hit out at some of the practices holding back the continent.

“No business wants to invest in a place where the government skims 20% off the top, or the head of the Port Authority is corrupt.

“No person wants to live in a society where the rule of law gives way to the rule of brutality and bribery. That is not democracy, that is tyranny and now is the time for it to end,” he said.

Inside the conference centre, Ghanaian politicians cheered, applauded and gave a standing ovation. Some smelt hypocrisy there.

“The political leaders were clapping and cheering the speech. But when we plead for an end to the same problems that Obama highlighted we are threatened, abused and sidelined,” said Mr Aning.

He commended the speech for being honest, direct and lacking spin but suggests the same cannot be said for some of the politicians who were listening to it.

“You have the power to hold your leaders accountable,” Mr Obama said, aiming his message at the youth.

But it can be dangerous trying to stand up and call for better governance.

In March, two Kenyan human rights activists – Kamau Kingara and John Paul Oulo – were gunned down in broad daylight shortly after helping an investigation into extrajudicial killings by the Kenyan police.

“It won’t be easy. It will take time and effort. There will be suffering and setbacks,” Mr Obama stated as he called for the continent to take responsibility for its future.

Wikio

Filed under: Africa, Barack Obama, Ghana, corruption, governance

Will Obama change US policy towards Africa?

US President Barack Obama has said Africa must take charge of its own destiny in the world. Do you agree?

President Obama, on his first official visit to sub-Saharan Africa, has made a powerful call for Africans to stand up for their democratic rights.

He said Africa could have a prosperous future and promised American aid to fight the continent’s diseases, conflicts and lack of development.

Is this a defining moment for the continent? Has President Obama lived up to expectations? And what does this speech say about Africa’s place in the world?

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Listen to the debate on Africa Have Your Say

Published: Monday, 6 July, 2009, 17:54 GMT 18:54 UK

All comments as they come in


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:58 GMT 21:58 UK

I believe President Obama will deliver on his promise. I think it’s high time the governments of wealthy countries FOCUS on helping Africa and give not just Africans but also relief workers, humanitarian workers, volunteers etc hope and allow them to breathe a sigh of relief. I suggest the EU, Aust & NZ, Japan, China and the advanced economies in Asia join in this partnership as well.

Sela, Tonga


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:56 GMT 21:56 UK

That was a brilliant speech by Obama. He’s proven the rest of the world that Africa can to be partnered and that Africa has enough resources.

Our leaders can only show good governance by resorting to sound democracy of which Ghana is an example.

I would want other Strong nations like the US contribute in a similar way as a way of curbing Africa’s problems.

ghana, kumasi


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:50 GMT 21:50 UK

Obama was right. Africa need to wake up. How can you develop when one man is ruling for more than 20 years?
How can you thrive when leaders divide people and tribes?
How can you ever do well when Leaders loot funds and owe choice properties and businesses in western world?
Tell me how any nation will stand when it hates herself, as in Nigeria?

Peter Okolie, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:49 GMT 21:49 UK

This guy (Obama) claimed Ghana’s democracy was the main reason for his choice. HA! HA!! HA!!! Hope Ghanaians are not that gullible? He chose for his “big speech to the Muslim world” Egypt, an Arab country without any form of democratic principles or ideals. Tunisia and Algeria are Arab countries and democratic and politically more stable than Egypt. Watch your OIL.

orunmila, edmonton


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:46 GMT 21:46 UK

No. President Obama will not change US policy towards Africa. What the president said in Ghana is not new. The only new thing is the person saying it. He is visibly different from his predecessors. All African leaders know that he is one of their own and as such is at liberty to speak without any fear of being labelled a western rascist. Obama knows that too and inevitably Africa will change as a result of Obama but the US policy will remain the same. Besides, young Africans adore Obama.

Chamutengure, Sofia, Bulgaria


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:41 GMT 21:41 UK

Mr.Barack Obama message in Ghana Parliament is to covey that all countries & continents have to develope themselves true to their culture & needs. He emphasised the need to develope & nurture democracy with accountability at the top free from corruption as well begin development & progress from the bottom line & not from the top. He emphasised & offered to help in various forms in the culture,economy,trade & commerce, education, technology & science of developement of infrastructure to progress.

amarjit, los angeles


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:40 GMT 21:40 UK

US President Barack Obama has said Africa must take charge of its own destiny in the world. Do I agree?

Well, yes, but would it be allowed to?
Unlikely.

[intbel]


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:36 GMT 21:36 UK

Oh right, so when the IMF demand that African nations agree to wreck their economies in exchange for loans (which has been going on for decades) those nations should stand up for themselves and tell them to get lost? Sounds like a good idea.

Steve Gubbins, United Kingdom


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:36 GMT 21:36 UK

“I prefer the Chinese approach to rebuilding African countries. They have been busy building roads, bridges and other infrastructure in helping countries such as the Sudan to modernize. America simply gives money and food …”

Brian Merritt, Ottawa, Canada

And what about aid from Canada? Perhaps you can set an example.

Jacques Bouvier, United States


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:35 GMT 21:35 UK

Obama is not the first US President to visit Africa…Clinton’s done it, so has Bush…The African continent is also divided along linguistic lines, French, English, even Italian….The countries like Senegal, Cameroon, Ghana, S Africa may have a real chance to compete for the riches in an out-sourced world..But Zimbabwe, Congo, Rwanda still remain its darkest corners…Obama can help..but only to the few privileged ones…Rwanda and Darfur is where he should also focus…

Vara Li, Chicago


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:34 GMT 21:34 UK

I heard the Obama speech in Ghana, aimed at Africans and the World at large. Even though I do not support the bad leadership in my country (and do speak against it whenever possible), I am disappointed that Obama is being partial in his diplomacy. While he seeks to “engage” the Middle East people, he seeks to “avoid” countries in Africa he does not agree with! How can a black man come to Africa and not visit the most populous black nation on earth! He ought to engage Nigeria like the Middle East

Rev Peter Iordaah, Kaduna, Nigeria


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:27 GMT 21:27 UK

He will make minor, ineffectual changes in US policy toward African nations. Obama has shown no will toward supplying peacekeeping troops or massive deployments as we’ve seen in Iraq and Iran, mostly because he, like all the other US politicians, know that Africa has no valuable resources to offer the United States and are therefore not worth the trouble.

The New Anarchist, Georgetown, TX


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:26 GMT 21:26 UK

Obama only told Africans what they should have known all along. The preacherly attitude of Obama sort of belittles Africa and makes our leaders look like the little infants they make themselves to be. It is a shame that at this era when man has been to the moon and back, African leaders have by their greed dehumanised their people and turned them into simpletons to be lectured to by everybody, even if that person is the president of the United States of America.

ChiefBisong Etahoben, Yaounde, Cameroon


Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:24 GMT 21:24 UK

The visit of President OBAMA to Ghana has really stack out to Me! and i believe he is honest and will keep to his words in respect for change in Africa it’s just up to African to support one another and do away with selfishness with this i think Africa will have want it really in need of.
Yakub in Madina
Accra Ghana

Yakub, Accra

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Added: Saturday, 11 July, 2009, 20:17 GMT 21:17 UK

Obama always speaks well but unable to deliver his promises. He will never change Africa but Africans.

Dawit, Saint Louis

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Filed under: Africa, Barack Obama, Ghana, US policy

Key excerpts: Obama’s Ghana speech

Barack Obama speaking in Ghana

Barack Obama has delivered his first speech in sub-Saharan Africa as US President, stressing Africa’s importance for the world, the vital role of governance and the challenges of conflict and corruption. Here are key excerpt from the address to parliament in the Ghanaian capital Accra on 11 July 2009.

ON AFRICA’S IMPORTANCE

I do not see the countries and peoples of Africa as a world apart; I see Africa as a fundamental part of our interconnected world – as partners with America on behalf of the future that we want for all our children.

ON COLONIALISM AND RESPONSIBILITY

It is easy to point fingers, and to pin the blame for these problems on others. Yes, a colonial map that made little sense bred conflict, and the West has often approached Africa as a patron, rather than a partner. But the West is not responsible for the destruction of the Zimbabwean economy over the last decade, or wars in which children are enlisted as combatants.

In my father’s life, it was partly tribalism and patronage in an independent Kenya that for a long stretch derailed his career, and we know that this kind of corruption is a daily fact of life for far too many.

ON GOVERNANCE

Development depends upon good governance. That is the ingredient which has been missing in far too many places, for far too long. That is the change that can unlock Africa’s potential. And that is a responsibility that can only be met by Africans.

ON CORRUPTION

Repression takes many forms, and too many nations are plagued by problems that condemn their people to poverty. No country is going to create wealth if its leaders exploit the economy to enrich themselves, or police can be bought off by drug traffickers… No person wants to live in a society where the rule of law gives way to the rule of brutality and bribery. That is not democracy, that is tyranny, and now is the time for it to end. … Africa doesn’t need strongmen, it needs strong institutions.

ON AID

As Africans reach for this promise, America will be more responsible in extending our hand. By cutting costs that go to Western consultants and administration, we will put more resources in the hands of those who need it, while training people to do more for themselves. That is why our $3.5bn food security initiative is focused on new methods and technologies for farmers – not simply sending American producers or goods to Africa. Aid is not an end in itself. The purpose of foreign assistance must be creating the conditions where it is no longer needed.

ON HEALTH

Yet because of incentives – often provided by donor nations – many African doctors and nurses understandably go overseas, or work for programs that focus on a single disease. This creates gaps in primary care and basic prevention. Meanwhile, individual Africans also have to make responsible choices that prevent the spread of disease, while promoting public health in their communities and countries.

ON CONFLICT

Now let me be clear: Africa is not the crude caricature of a continent at war. But for far too many Africans, conflict is a part of life, as constant as the sun. There are wars over land and wars over resources. And it is still far too easy for those without conscience to manipulate whole communities into fighting among faiths and tribes.

These conflicts are a millstone around Africa’s neck. We all have many identities – of tribe and ethnicity; of religion and nationality. But defining oneself in opposition to someone who belongs to a different tribe, or who worships a different prophet, has ncto place in the 21st Century. Africa’s diversity should be a source of strength, not a cause for division.


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Filed under: Africa, Aid, Barack Obama, Ghana, Health, conflict, corruption, governance

Obama: Africa aid must be matched by good governance

ACCRA (Reuters) – President Barack Obama told Africans on Saturday that Western aid must be matched by good governance and urged them to take greater responsibility for stamping out war, corruption and disease plaguing the continent.

Obama delivered the message on his first visit to sub-Saharan Africa since taking office in January as the first black U.S. president. He chose stable, democratic Ghana because he believes it can serve as a model for the rest of Africa.

Fresh from a G8 summit where leaders agreed to spend $20 billion to improve food security in poor countries, Obama spoke of a “new moment of promise” but stressed that Africans must also take a leading role in sorting out their many problems.

“Development depends upon good governance,” Obama said in a speech to Ghana’s parliament. “That is the ingredient which has been missing in far too many places, for far too long. That is the change that can unlock Africa’s potential. And that is a responsibility that can only be met by Africans.”

In an address that offered the most detailed view of his Africa policy, Obama took aim at corruption and rights abuses on the continent, warning that growth and development would be held back until such problems were tackled.

He said America would not impose any system of government, but would increase help for those behaving responsibly.

The visit has enormous resonance for Africa because of Obama’s roots as the son of Kenyan immigrant. He laced his speech with tales of his background and the struggles of his forebears in the face of poverty and colonial rule.

“It will give encouragement to those fighting corruption and for democracy,” said African affairs commentator Joel Kibazo.

“He said it in a way that perhaps other presidents could not because he started by outlining his own connections,” said Kibazo, while noting Obama was less specific on promoting good governance than with a $63 billion health spending pledge.

“YES, WE CAN”

MPs chanted “yes, we can” before Obama started and the president ended his address with that phrase — his old campaign slogan. The crowd’s response was much warmer than the cordial but mostly chilly reception in Moscow earlier in the week.

The language and cadence of Obama’s speech was a mix of church sermon, campaign rally and university lecture.

“We like the positive signals that this visit is sending and will continue to send,” said Ghanaian President John Atta Mills, elected in a transparent election that contrasted with stereotypes of chaos, coups and corruption in Africa.

“This encourages us also to sustain the gains that we have made in our democratic process.”

Reforms in the cocoa and gold producing country, set to begin pumping oil next year, helped bring unprecedented investment and growth before the impact of the global financial crisis.

Ghanaians, many dressed in Obama t-shirts, packed into the streets of Accra in hope of glimpsing the president. They clustered around television sets in homes, bars and backyards to follow his words.

“The message he gave was covering the ways in we should change our lifestyles. I believe when we do that we will prosper,” said engineer Joseph Aboagye. “We need to change.”

But expectations were anchored in reality.

“I am not under any illusion that he’s coming to solve our problems in one go,” said Janet Ashiboe, 42, a market trader.

Obama flew by helicopter to Cape Coast Castle, a former depot of the transatlantic slave trade and a reminder of one of the darkest chapters in African and American history.

“As painful as it is, I think that it helps to teach all of us that we have to do what we can to fight against the kinds of evils that sadly still exist in our world, not just on this continent but in every corner of the globe,” a somber-looking Obama told reporters at the white-washed fort.

Although Obama’s ancestors were from Kenya, his wife Michelle is descended from slaves shipped from Africa. They and their two daughters will spend less than 24 hours in Ghana before returning to the United States.

(Additional reporting by Daniel Magnowski and Kwasi Kpodo; Editing by Giles Elgood)

Wikio

Filed under: Africa, African development, Aid, Barack Obama, Ghana

Historic African trip for Obama


Barack Obama and family arrive in Accra
Barack Obama and family will spend 24 hours in Ghana

Barack Obama is in Ghana on his first visit to sub-Saharan Africa since becoming US president.

Ghana was chosen because of its democratic track record and Mr Obama is expected to use the trip to promote good governance across the continent.

He will hold talks with President John Atta Mills and address the country’s parliament on the subject of democracy.

He is due to visit a former slave fort and a health centre in the capital, Accra, as part of his 24-hour visit.

The BBC’s Will Ross says President Obama will find it a challenge in the current economic climate to match some of the achievements of his predecessor, George W Bush, when it comes to health care in Africa, especially in the fight against HIV.

The visit to the slave fort at Cape Coast Castle will be a poignant moment for the country’s first African-American president and for his wife Michelle, whose ancestors are believed to have come from West Africa, our correspondent says.

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Andrew Harding reports on the Obamas’ arrival in Accra

Tight security

Posters of Barack and Michelle Obama are to be seen throughout Accra, where their arrival was eagerly awaited.


The dead can be buried later but Obama is here for once and we must pay all attention to him

Ama Benyiwaa Doe
Ghanaian minister, explaining suspension of funerals in Cape Coast

On arrival, President Obama and his family were met by President Atta Mills, and treated to a colourful welcome featuring drummers and traditional dancers.

Ghanaian musicians have written songs to mark the visit and it is clear that millions of Ghanaians would love to see Mr Obama, our correspondent says.

However, there will be few opportunities for them to do so during his 24-hour stay.

When former President Bill Clinton came more than a decade ago, he addressed hundreds of thousands of cheering Ghanaians.

But post-9/11, security is tighter and all events are for invited guests only, our correspondent notes.

Key rings and umbrellas

Barack Obama visited sub-Saharan Africa while a US senator, making a trip to Kenya – his father’s homeland – in August 2006.


ANALYSIS
Martin Plaut, BBC News

For Ghanaians, there is little doubt that they deserve to be Mr Obama’s first real African destination since assuming office.

Nigeria was not really suitable, given the question marks over the way in which President Umaru Yar’Adua was elected. Kenya, home of Mr Obama’s father, experienced post-election violence. Ethiopia has jailed the leader of the opposition, and South Africa’s Jacob Zuma is new in the post and something of an unknown quantity.

Not only is Ghana clearly democratic, but it has some of the African oil on which the US increasingly depends, and there is the symbolic link with slavery, from which so many African-Americans trace their heritage.

So Ghana ticks Mr Obama’s boxes – a suitable stage on which to launch the president’s Africa policy on the continent itself.

Mr Obama’s official business on Saturday includes talks with Ghana’s president and a speech to parliament.

Ahead of the president’s arrival late on Friday, people were already out celebrating, dancing and drumming in the seaside city’s streets.

Memorabilia being sold by vendors ranged from key rings and coffee mugs to handkerchiefs and umbrellas bearing portraits of Mr Obama and Mr Atta-Mills.

Thousands of police have been deployed for the visit and a number of city roads were closed on Friday.

Cape Coast, a town about 160km (100 miles) west of Accra, has even suspended funerals on account of Mr Obama’s impending visit to its old slave fort.

“We banned all funeral activities in Cape Coast because we want to give a befitting welcome to the US president,” Ghana’s central regional minister, Ama Benyiwaa Doe, told AFP news agency.

“The dead can be buried later but Obama is here for once and we must pay all attention to him.”

Squeeze on aid


An Accra shop sells Obama-print dresses, 9 July
Obama-print dresses are on sale in Accra

Across the African continent, people are pinning a lot of hope on Barack Obama partly because of his African roots but also because of his election slogan, Yes We Can, our correspondent reports.

He arrived in Ghana hours after leaders of the G8 industrialised countries pledged billions of dollars to boost agriculture – the main source of income for many sub-Saharan Africans.

But the financial climate is different from when former President Bush was in office and American-funded programmes, such as the provision of medicine for people living with HIV, are facing new challenges.

Wikio

Filed under: Africa, Barack Obama, Ghana

Ghana excitement builds for Obama

Billboards and hawkwers in Accra
Ghanaian President John Atta Mills seems keen to cash in on the Obama effect

By David Amanor
BBC News, Accra

As US President Barack Obama touches down on Ghanaian soil, there is no doubt about the feeling of pride over the visit – his first to sub-Saharan Africa as leader.

Accra’s international airport has received a brisk makeover – shiny new flags adorn lamp posts along major routes and large billboards have been erected depicting Ghanaian President John Atta Mills alongside Mr Obama, with the proclamation “Partnership for Change” and the Akan phrase “Akwaaba” meaning welcome home.

The presence of Obama merchandise and paraphernalia is nowhere near the volume which accompanied other recent events in Ghana, such as the December 2008 election, or the 50th anniversary celebrations in March 2007.

But it has been growing daily.

Local hawker Suleiman Ibrahim was beaming smiles and proudly displaying T-shirts, flags, wristbands, and Obama fabrics made in Ghana on a route in the capital Accra popularly known as Oxford Street.

“I’m making 30 cedis ($20) profit a day,” he said.

“Before Obama, some days I would sell nothing at all.

“It is the will of God that brought the 44th US president here but if there is anything that Obama can bring to Ghana it should be to support education.”

Inspired artwork

The coming of President Obama has also inspired artists around the capital.


Artist Gilbert Forsen
The visit has inspired an artist to produce an “unsellable” artwork

Gilbert Forsen displays a giant wooden model television near the ultra-modern shopping centre in north Accra.

It cost him around $80 to make.

“I like Obama so much, that’s why I made this television. One day I saw him on television, I captured him in my eyes and did this design from memory.”

The image is remarkable. Mr Forsen says about 200 people have shown interest in buying the work – but he is keeping it.

“I won’t sell before Obama leaves because I want people to see this television, but if only I could get a chance to see Obama, I would give it to him for free.”

Invisible homecoming?

And yet elsewhere on the streets of Accra there is also a mood of laissez-faire.


I don’t think Obama is here to redeem Ghana, we have to help ourselves

Shopper in Accra

There is something low-key about the event when compared with previous visits by US President George W Bush in February 2008, and especially that of Bill Clinton in 1998.

Tens of thousands of adoring Ghanaians overwhelmed security during Mr Clinton’s visit.

Perhaps it is the realisation that what is being billed as Mr Obama’s “homecoming” – publicised as a two-day visit, will actually last for less than 24 hours.

And given security considerations post-9/11, very few people will get to see him in the flesh.

Thousands of people will turn up at Independence Square in Accra expecting a large public address but they are likely to be disappointed.


WHY GHANA?
One of Africa’s most democratic nations
Set to become major oil producer
Ancestors of many African Americans passed through as slaves

With the exception of the visit to the former slave castle at Cape Coast, President Obama’s presence in Ghana will be largely invisible except through the privileged lenses of television cameras.

There are other factors too – the rising costs of living has dampened optimism and a fuel shortage this week has increased misery for road users.

And the rainy season has brought predictable and inevitable flooding, displacing scores of residents, affecting economic activity, causing havoc on the roads, and reminding Ghanaians that the quality of their infrastructure cannot match the quality of international praise received for the nation’s progress in democratic development.

Realistic expectations

While many people on the streets and callers to local radio programmes have expressed excitement at the coming of the first American leader with African roots, there is also a competing amount of scepticism, even cynicism.


Hawker Suleiman Ibrahim in Accra
Hawkers say they are making a roaring trade out of the visit

As one clothing trader in an Accra market put it: “What President Bush brought to us last year, we didn’t see anything, nothing, even those mosquito nets, that’s why people are not making much noise about Obama.”

Another added: “Obama can raise some money for us, but our leaders will take the money and divide it in three, leaving just one slice for implementation.”

There has also been a certain shift in attitude, a lowering of the clear-our-drains type expectation which accompanied the visit of Mr Bush.

And there is a widespread acknowledgement that the first black president of the US will look after US interests first and foremost.

One shopper in Accra’s Kimbu market expressed a common sentiment among Ghanaians: “I don’t think Obama is here to redeem Ghana, we have to help ourselves.”

‘Unifying force’

Despite having hosted several major international events over the past two years, Ghana has once again been slow off the starting line.

The visit was announced in mid-May, however dissemination of information, public promotions and the organisation of accreditation for hundreds of visitors and media houses have gathered pace only in the past week.

“It’s typical Ghanaian nature,” says deputy Information Minister Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa.

“We always want to do it in the last moment and that’s not surprising but this week everyone is talking about Obama – in the shops, offices, churches, mosques, our street hawkers are flying Obama paraphernalia,” he said.

“It’s exciting and is also unifying our country, it puts recent election campaign tensions behind us, we have been given a rare privilege and nobody wants to spoil the party.”

In reality hundreds of Accra’s hawkers have been cleared from the streets in a “decongestion” exercise which began in June, and the excitement cannot accurately be described as fever pitch.

However, come rain or sunshine on Saturday, thousands, or possibly hundreds of thousands of Ghanaians will utilise their last-minute merchandise and come out on the streets to celebrate and cherish the day they caught a glimpse of Barack Obama and the first family of the US.

Wikio

Filed under: Africa, Barack Obama, Ghana

Obama on African development


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US President Barack Obama has said that the African continent could become self-sufficient at providing food for its own people.

He made the remarks at his closing address at the G8 summt in L’Aquila, Italy.

The G8 leaders pledged $20bn (£12bn) for efforts to boost food supplies to the hungry, in a deal reached on the final day of the summit.

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Filed under: Africa, African development, Barack Obama

Project to ‘grow carbon sinks’

By David Shukman
Environment correspondent, BBC News, Ghana

The view from a falling tree

Ambitious plans to grow 24 million trees to soak up carbon dioxide and restore the rainforest have got underway in Ghana.

The first million seedlings are being planted in a pilot scheme in an area that has been heavily logged in recent years.


A sapling being planted in the ground (Image: BBC)
Planting trees to absorb carbon dioxide is a long-term project

The trees are all tropical hardwoods, mostly indigenous, and it is believed this project could eventually become the largest of its kind.

It comes amid mounting concern about the impact of deforestation on climate change – a major theme at this December’s UN conference in Copenhagen.

Ghana has lost an estimated four-fifths of its rainforest in the past 50 years and tropical deforestation globally is estimated to contribute nearly one-fifth of all greenhouse gas emissions.

Carbon credits

ArborCarb, a British firm, is behind the reforestation project. It hopes that by growing the trees, and locking up the carbon inside them, it will be able to sell carbon credits.

Director Mike Packer is optimistic that the scheme is being launched at the right time and could, over its lifetime, soak up more than nine million tonnes of carbon dioxide.

He told the BBC: “There is a huge market of individuals and companies who will pay for this project to be implemented by buying the carbon credits.

“They need those carbon credits to offset their carbon emissions.”


A forester felling a tree (Image: BBC)
Ghana has lost an estimated 80% of its trees over the past 50 years

Forestry offset schemes have attracted criticism because the precise amount of carbon absorption is difficult to verify.

But Mr Packer said the plantations would be independently audited every year and that the plan would take account of the carbon cost of the plantation work and of trees dying naturally.

Critics have also warned that forestry schemes can exclude local people or even deny them the chance to grow food.

Mr Packer said that ArborCarb would not seek to own any land but would work with local landowners and farmers and offer them a share of the carbon credits.

However in the run-up to the Copenhagen conference, environmental groups are raising objections to the developed world using forestry to reduce emissions.

ForestWatch Ghana, a coalition of more than 30 non-governmental organisations, criticises the basic principle of carbon offsetting.

According to the coalition’s co-ordinator, Kingsley Bekoe Ansah, “it feels fundamentally wrong.

“The developed world has had the benefits of industrialisation and now wants to shift the burden of responsibility onto the poor communities,” he said.

Changing attitudes

Mr Ansah also said that involving the markets in carbon-reduction projects could “lead to massive land grabs and further entrench poverty”.


Tractor pulling a tree trunk (Image: BBC)
Tropical trees are considered to be the best species to act as “carbon sinks”

“Since the markets are volatile and unstable, the prices of carbon would be affected by events in the larger business world and this is not good for developing countries and their rural communities,” he added.

The ArborCarb plans involve plantations in several different areas of Ghana.

The pilot scheme, near the border with Ivory Coast, was set up with one of the country’s largest timber companies, John Bitar.

The company’s owner, Ghassan Bitar, said attitudes to forests – and their sustainability – were shifting.

“During the days of my father they were not aware – there were lots of forests around.

“Now that the population is encroaching and there is deforestation because of various reasons – agriculture, lumbering and whatever – people are aware and want to change.”

Suddenly the fate of some of the remotest forests is moving up the international agenda.

Wikio

Filed under: Africa, Environment, Ghana, carbon dioxide